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How Did the Baby Boom Impacts the Postwar Economy? How Did the Baby Boom Impact the Postwar Economy?

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U.s.a. nativity rate (births per 1000 population).[1] The U.s. Census Bureau defines baby boomers as those born between mid-1946 and mid-1964 (shown in red).[2]

The middle of the 20th century was marked by a pregnant and persistent increase in fertility rates in many countries of the world, especially in the Due west. The term baby boom is ofttimes used to refer to this particular nail, mostly considered to take started immediately afterward World State of war Ii, although some demographers identify it earlier or during the war.[ commendation needed ] This terminology led to those born during this baby smash being nicknamed the baby boomer generation.

The boom coincided with a wedlock boom.[iii] The increase in fertility was driven primarily by a decrease in childlessness and an increase in parity progression to a 2d child. In almost of the Western countries, progression to a 3rd child and beyond declined, which, coupled with aforementioned increase in transition to first and second child, resulted in college homogeneity in family sizes. The baby nail was most prominent amid educated and economically active women.[4] [5]

The babe nail ended with a significant pass up in fertility rates in the 1960s and 1970s, later called the baby bust by demographers.[six]

Causes [edit]

Economist and demographer Richard Easterlin in his "Twentieth Century American Population Growth" (2000), explains the growth pattern of the American population in the 20th century past examining the fertility rate fluctuations and the decreasing mortality rate. Easterlin attempts to prove the cause of the babe boom and baby bust by the "relative income" theory, despite the various other theories that these events take been attributed to. The "relative income" theory suggests that couples choose to have children based on a couple's ratio of potential earning power and the want to obtain cloth objects. This ratio depends on the economic stability of the country and how people are raised to value cloth objects. The "relative income" theory explains the infant smash by suggesting that the tardily 1940s and the 1950s brought low desires to take fabric objects, because of the Great Low and World War II, likewise as plentiful job opportunities (beingness a post-war period). These 2 factors gave ascent to a high relative income, which encouraged high fertility. Following this flow, the next generation had a greater desire for material objects, all the same, an economic slowdown in the United States fabricated jobs harder to larn. This resulted in lower fertility rates causing the Baby Bosom.[7]

January Van Bavel and David S. Reher proposed that the increase in nuptiality (marriage boom) coupled with low efficiency of contraception was the principal cause of the baby boom. They doubted the explanations (including the Easterlin hypothesis) which considered the post-war economic prosperity that followed deprivation of the Great Depression as main cause of the baby boom, stressing that Gdp-nascency charge per unit association was non consistent (positive earlier 1945 and negative after) with GDP growth accounting for a mere 5 percent of the variance in the rough birth rate over the period studied by the authors.[8] Data shows that only in few countries there was meaning and persistent increase in the marital fertility index during the infant blast, which suggests that well-nigh of the increase in fertility was driven by the increase in marriage rates.[nine]

Jona Schellekens claims that the rise in male earnings that started in the late 1930s accounts for most of the ascension in union rates and that Richard Easterlin'southward hypothesis co-ordinate to which a relatively small nascence accomplice inbound the labor market place acquired the marriage boom is not consistent with data from the U.s.a..[10]

Matthias Doepke, Moshe Hazan, and Yishay Maoz all argued that the infant nail was mainly acquired by the alleged crowding out from the labor forcefulness of females who reached machismo during the 1950s by females who started to work during the Second World State of war and did not quit their jobs after the economy recovered.[11] Andriana Bellou and Emanuela Cardia promote a similar argument, simply they claim women who entered the labor force during the Great Depression crowded out women who participated in the baby nail.[12] Glenn Sandström disagrees with both variants of this interpretation based on the data from Sweden showing that an increase in nuptiality (which was i of the main causes of an increment in fertility) was limited to economically agile women. He pointed out that in 1939 a police force prohibiting the firing of a woman when she got married was passed in the country.[xiii]

Greenwood, Seshadri, and Vandenbroucke ascribe the baby boom to the diffusion of new household appliances that led to reduction of costs of childbearing.[14] However Martha J. Bailey and William J. Collins criticize their caption on the ground that comeback of household engineering science began before babe boom, differences and changes in buying of appliances and electrification in U.Southward. counties are negatively correlated with birth rates during babe boom, that the correlation betwixt cohort fertility of the relevant women and access to electric service in early machismo is negative, and that Amish also experienced the babe boom.[fifteen]

Judith Blake and Prithwis Das Gupta point out the increase in ideal family unit size in the times of baby nail.[sixteen]

Peter Lindert partially attribute the baby boom to the extension of income tax coverage on most of the US population in the early on 1940s. The latter concretize already existed[ vague ] and newly created revenue enhancement exemptions for children and married couples creating the new incentive for earlier marriage and higher fertility.[17] It is proposed that considering the revenue enhancement was progressive the baby boom was more than pronounced amid the richer population.[18]

By region [edit]

Northward America [edit]

In the United States and Canada, the baby boom was among the highest in the world.[19] In 1946, alive births in the U.South. surged from 222,721 in January to 339,499 in October. By the end of the 1940s, about 32 million babies had been born, compared with 24 1000000 in the 1930s. In 1954, almanac births start topped iv million and did not driblet beneath that effigy until 1965, when four out of ten Americans were under the age of xx.[20] As a result of the baby boom and traditional gender roles, getting married immediately after high school became commonplace and women increasingly encountered tremendous force per unit area to marry by the age of twenty. A joke emerged at the time around comedic speculation that women were going to higher to earn their M.R.Due south. (Mrs) degree due to the increased spousal relationship rate.[21]

The infant nail was stronger among American Catholics than amid Protestants.[22]

The exact beginning and end of the baby boom is debated. The U.S. Census Bureau defines babe boomers as those born betwixt mid-1946 and mid-1964,[two] although the U.S. birth rate began to increase in 1941, and pass up later 1957. Deborah Carr considers baby boomers to exist those born betwixt 1944 and 1959,[23] while Strauss and Howe identify the outset of the babe blast in 1943.[24] In Canada the babe boom is ordinarily defined as occurring from 1947 to 1966. Canadian soldiers were repatriated afterward than American servicemen, and Canada's birthrate did non start to ascent until 1947. Most Canadian demographers prefer to use the afterward engagement of 1966 as the boom'south cease twelvemonth in that country. The subsequently end to the boom in Canada than in the US has been ascribed to a subsequently adoption of birth control pills.[25] [26]

In the Us, more babies were born during the seven years later on 1948 than in the previous thirty, causing a shortage of teenage babysitters. At one betoken during this period, Madison, New Jersey only had l babysitters for its population of 8,000, dramatically increasing need for sitters. In 1950, out of every $vii that a California couple spent to become to the movies, $5 went to paying a bodyguard.[27]

Europe [edit]

France and Austria experienced the strongest infant booms in Europe.[nineteen] In dissimilarity to nigh other countries, the French and Austrian baby booms were driven primarily by an increase in marital fertility.[28] In the French case, pronatalist policies were an important factor in this increase.[29] Weaker baby booms occurred in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and kingdom of the netherlands.[30]

In the United Kingdom the baby boom occurred in 2 waves. Subsequently a short get-go wave of the baby boom during the war and immediately after, peaking in 1946, the United Kingdom experienced a second wave during the 1960s, with a tiptop in births in 1964.[31]

The baby smash in Republic of ireland began during the Emergency alleged in the land during the 2d Earth State of war.[32] Laws on contraception were restrictive in Ireland, and the baby nail was more than prolonged in this country. Secular refuse of fertility began only in the 1970s and peculiarly after the legalization of contraception in 1979. The marriage boom was even more prolonged and did not recede until the 1980s.[33]

The baby smash was very strong in Norway and Iceland, significant in Finland, moderate in Sweden and relatively weak in Denmark.[xix]

Baby blast was absent or non very strong in Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain.[xix] There were however regional variations in Spain, with a considerable infant boom occurring in regions such as Catalonia.[34]

There was a stiff babe boom in Czechoslovakia, just it was weak or absent in Poland, Republic of bulgaria, Russia, Estonia and Lithuania, partly every bit a issue of the Soviet famine of 1946–47.[19] [35]

Oceania [edit]

The volume of babe boom was the largest in the world in New Zealand and second-largest in Australia.[nineteen] Like the Us, the New Zealand infant smash was stronger among Catholics than Protestants.[36]

The author and columnist Bernard Table salt places the Australian baby boom between 1946 and 1961.[37] [38]

Asia and Africa [edit]

Forth with the developed countries of the Due west, many developing countries (amongst them Morocco, Prc and Turkey) besides witnessed the baby boom.[39] The baby boom in Mongolia, one of such developing countries, is probably explained by improvement in wellness and living standards related to the establishment of a socialist lodge.[40]

Latin America [edit]

At that place was also a babe boom in Latin American countries, excepting Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. An increase in fertility was driven by a decrease in childlessness and, in near nations, by an increase in parity progression to 2d, 3rd and fourth births. Its magnitude was largest in Republic of costa rica and Panama.[41]

See also [edit]

  • Aging in the American workforce
  • Postal service–World War 2 economic expansion

Bibliography [edit]

  • Barkan, Elliott Robert. From All Points: America'south Immigrant West, 1870s–1952, (2007) 598 pages
  • Barrett, Richard Eastward., Donald J. Bogue, and Douglas L. Anderton. The Population of the Usa 3rd Edition (1997) compendium of information
  • Carter, Susan B., Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, and Alan Fifty. Olmstead, eds. The Historical Statistics of the Us (Cambridge Upwardly: 6 vol; 2006) vol 1 on population; available online; massive data compendium; online version in Excel
  • Chadwick Bruce A. and Tim B. Heaton, eds. Statistical Handbook on the American Family. (1992)
  • Easterlin, Richard A. The American Babe Boom in Historical Perspective, (1962), the single most influential report complete text online [ permanent dead link ]
  • Easterlin, Richard A. Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare (1987), by leading economist excerpt and text search
  • Gillon, Steve. Boomer Nation: The Largest and Richest Generation Ever, and How It Changed America (2004), by leading historian. excerpt and text search
  • Hawes Joseph Thousand. and Elizabeth I. Nybakken, eds. American Families: a Research Guide and Historical Handbook. (Greenwood Press, 1991)
  • Klein, Herbert Due south. A Population History of the United states of america. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 316 pp
  • Macunovich, Diane J. Nascency Quake: The Baby Smash and Its Aftershocks (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Mintz Steven and Susan Kellogg. Domestic Revolutions: a Social History of American Family Life. (1988)
  • Wells, Robert V. Uncle Sam'southward Family (1985), full general demographic history
  • Weiss, Jessica. To Have and to Hold: Marriage, the Baby Nail, and Social Alter (2000) extract and text search

References [edit]

  1. ^ Pre-2003 data came from: "Tabular array 1-1. Live Births, Nativity Rates, and Fertility Rates, by Race: United States, 1909–2003". Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention (CDC). (Retrieved from: "Vital Statistics of the Us, 2003, Volume I, Natality". CDC.) Post-2003 data came from: "National Vital Statistics Reports" (Dec eight, 2010). CDC. Volume 59, no. 1. The graph is an expanded SVG version of File:U.S.BirthRate.1909.2003.png
  2. ^ a b "Fueled past Aging Babe Boomers, Nation'south Older Population to Near Double in the Next 20 Years, Census Bureau Reports". United States Census Bureau. May 6, 2014.
  3. ^ Hajnal, John (Apr 1953). "The Wedlock Boom". Population Index. xix (2): fourscore–101. doi:10.2307/2730761. JSTOR 2730761.
  4. ^ Van Bavel, Jan; Klesment, Martin; Beaujouan, Eva; Brzozowska, Zuzanna; Puur, Allan (2018). "Seeding the gender revolution: Women's education and cohort fertility among the baby boom generations". Population Studies. 72 (3): 283–304. doi:10.1080/00324728.2018.1498223. PMID 30280973.
  5. ^ Sandström, Glenn; Marklund, Emil (2018). "A prelude to the dual provider family – The changing role of female labor force participation and occupational field on fertility outcomes during the baby nail in Sweden 1900–60". The History of the Family. 24: 149–173. doi:10.1080/1081602X.2018.1556721.
  6. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005). "The Baby Boom and Infant Bust" (PDF). American Economical Review. 95 (1): 183–207. doi:10.1257/0002828053828680.
  7. ^ See Richard A. Easterlin, Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare (1987)
  8. ^ Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David S. (2013). "The Baby Blast and Its Causes: What We Know and What Nosotros Need to Know". Population and Evolution Review. 39 (2): 257–288. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.10.
  9. ^ Sánchez-Barricarte, Jesús J. (2018). "Measuring and explaining the baby boom in the developed earth in the mid-20th century" (PDF). Demographic Research. 38: 1203–1204. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.xl.
  10. ^ Schellekens, Jona (2017). "The Wedlock Boom and Matrimony Bosom in the United States: An Age-period-cohort Analysis". Population Studies. 71 (ane): 65–82. doi:x.1080/00324728.2016.1271140. PMID 28209083.
  11. ^ Doepke, Matthias; Hazan, Moshe; Maoz, Yishay D. (2015). "The Baby Smash and World War II: A Macroeconomic Analysis". Review of Economic Studies. 82 (three): 1031–1073. doi:10.3386/w13707.
  12. ^ Bellou, Andriana; Cardia, Emanuela (2014). "Babe-Nail, Infant-Bust and the Great Low". CiteSeerXten.1.1.665.133.
  13. ^ Sandström, Glenn (November 2017). "A reversal of the socioeconomic gradient of nuptiality during the Swedish mid-20th-century infant blast" (PDF). Demographic Research. 37: 1625–1658. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.50.
  14. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005). "The Baby Boom and Baby Bust". American Economical Review. 95 (1): 183–207. doi:10.1257/0002828053828680.
  15. ^ Bailey, Martha J.; Collins, William J. (2011). "Did Improvements in Household Technology Cause the Infant Boom? Testify from Electrification, Apparatus Diffusion, and the Amish" (PDF). American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. 3 (2): 189–217. doi:10.1257/mac.three.2.189.
  16. ^ Blake, Judith; Das Gupta, Prithwis (December 1975). "Reproductive Motivation Versus Contraceptive Technology: Is Recent American Experience an Exception?". Population and Development Review. ane (2): 229–249. doi:10.2307/1972222. JSTOR 1972222.
  17. ^ Lindert, Peter H. (1978). Fertility and Scarcity in America . Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN9781400870066.
  18. ^ Zhao, Jackie Kai. "State of war Debt and the Baby Nail". Society for Economical Dynamics. CiteSeerX10.i.ane.205.8899.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David S. (2013). "The Baby Boom and Its Causes: What Nosotros Know and What We Need to Know". Population and Development Review. 39 (2): 264–265. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.ten.
  20. ^ Figures in Landon Y. Jones, "Swinging 60s?" in Smithsonian Mag, January 2006, pp 102–107.
  21. ^ "People & Events: Mrs. America: Women's Roles in the 1950s". PBS. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  22. ^ Westoff, Charles F.; Jones, Elise F. (1979). "The end of "Catholic" fertility". Demography. 16 (2): 209–217. doi:10.2307/2061139. JSTOR 2061139.
  23. ^ Carr, Deborah (2002). "The Psychological Consequences of Work-Family unit Merchandise-Offs for Three Cohorts of Men and Women" (PDF). Social Psychology Quarterly. 65 (2): 103–124. doi:x.2307/3090096. JSTOR 3090096.
  24. ^ Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (1991). Generations: the history of America'southward future, 1584 to 2069 . William Morrow & Co. p. 85. ISBN0688119123.
  25. ^ The dates 1946 to 1962 are given in Doug Owram, Born at the right time: a history of the babe blast generation (1997)
  26. ^ David Foot, Blast, Bust and Echo: Profiting from the Demographic Shift in the 21st Century (1997) see Pearce, Tralee (June 24, 2006). "By definition: Boom, bosom, Ten and why". The Globe and Postal service. Archived from the original on August seven, 2006.
  27. ^ Forman-Brunell, Miriam (2009). Babysitter: An American History . New York University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN978-0-8147-2759-i.
  28. ^ Sánchez-Barricarte, Jesús J. (2018). "Measuring and explaining the infant blast in the adult world in the mid-20th century" (PDF). Demographic Inquiry. 38: 1203–1204. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.twoscore.
  29. ^ Calot, Gérard; Sardon, Jean-Paul (1998). "La vraie histoire du baby nail". Sociétal. 16: 41–44.
  30. ^ Frejka, Tomas (2017). "The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective" (PDF). Comparative Population Studies. 42: 97. doi:x.12765/CPoS-2017-09en.
  31. ^ Office for National Statistics Births in England and Wales: 2017
  32. ^ "Annual Study of the Registrar-General of Marriages, Births and Deaths in Ireland 1952" (PDF). Key Statistics Office . Retrieved February fifteen, 2019.
  33. ^ Coleman, D. A. (1992). "The Demographic Transition in Ireland in International Context" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 79: 65.
  34. ^ Cabré, Anna; Torrents, Àngels (1990). "La Elevada nupcialidad como posible desencadenante de la transición demográfica en Cataluña" (PDF): 3–4.
  35. ^ Frejka, Tomas (2017). "The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective" (PDF). Comparative Population Studies. 42: 100. doi:10.12765/CPoS-2017-09en.
  36. ^ Mol, Hans (1967). "Religion in New Zealand". Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. 24: 123.
  37. ^ Salt, Bernard (2004). The Large Shift. South Yarra, Vic.: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN978-1-74066-188-1.
  38. ^ Head, Neil; Arnold, Peter (November 2003). "Book Review: The Big Shift" (PDF). The Australian Journal of Emergency Direction. 18 (four). Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
  39. ^ Reher, David; Requena, Miguel (2014). "The mid-twentieth century fertility nail from a global perspective". The History of the Family. xx (3): 420–445. doi:10.1080/1081602X.2014.944553.
  40. ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). "Reconstructing historical fertility change in Mongolia: Impressive fertility rising earlier continued fertility decline" (PDF). Demographic Inquiry. 33: 841–870. doi:x.4054/DemRes.2015.33.29.
  41. ^ Reher, David; Requena, Miguel (2014). "Was there a mid-20th-century fertility blast in latin america?" (PDF). Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 32 (3): 319–350. doi:10.1017/S0212610914000172. hdl:10016/29916.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom

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